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Export and Import utilities in Oracle

Export and Import are the Oracle utilities that allow us to make exports & imports of the data objects, and transfer the data across databases that reside on different hardware platforms on different Oracle versions.
Export (exp) and import (imp) utilities are used to perform logical database backup and recovery. When exporting, database objects are dumped to a binary file which can then be imported into another Oracle database.
catexp.sql (in $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin) will create EXP_FULL_DATABASE & IMP_FULL_DATABASE roles (no need to run this, if you ran catalog.sql at the time of database creation).
Before using these commands, you should set ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID and PATH environment variables.
exp utility
Objects owned by SYS cannot be exported.
If you want to export objects of another schema, you need EXP_FULL_DATABASE role.
$ exp help=y

Keyword
Description (Default)
USERID
username/password
FULL
export entire file (N). To do full database export, that user must have EXP_FULL_DATABASE role
BUFFER
size of data buffer. OS dependent
OWNER
list of owner usernames
FILE
output files (EXPDAT.DMP)
TABLES
list of table names
COMPRESS
import into one extent (Y)
RECORDLENGTH
length of IO record
GRANTS
export grants (Y)
INCTYPE
incremental export type. valid values are
COMPLETE, INCREMENTAL, CUMULATIVE
INDEXES
export indexes (Y)
RECORD
track incremental export (Y)
DIRECT
direct path (N)
TRIGGERS
export triggers (Y)
LOG
log file of screen output
STATISTICS
analyze objects (ESTIMATE)
ROWS
export data rows (Y)
PARFILE
parameter filename
CONSISTENT
cross-table consistency(N). Implements SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY
CONSTRAINTS
export constraints (Y)
OBJECT_CONSISTENT
transaction set to read only during object export (N)
FEEDBACK
display progress (a dot) for every N rows (0)
FILESIZE
maximum size of each dump file
FLASHBACK_SCN
SCN used to set session snapshot back to
FLASHBACK_TIME
time used to get the SCN closest to the specified time
QUERY
select clause used to export a subset of a table
RESUMABLE
suspend when a space related error is encountered(N)
RESUMABLE_NAME
text string used to identify resumable statement
RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT
wait time for RESUMABLE
TTS_FULL_CHECK
perform full or partial dependency check for TTS
VOLSIZE
number of bytes to write to each tape volume (not available from Oracle 11g Release2)
TABLESPACES
list of tablespaces to export
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE
export transportable tablespace metadata (N)
TEMPLATE
template name which invokes iAS mode export


Examples:


$ exp system/manager file=emp.dmp log=emp_exp.log full=y
==> exporting full database.
$ exp system/manager file=owner.dmp log=owner.log owner=owner direct=y STATISTICS=none
==> exporting all the objects of a schema.
$ exp file=schemas.dmp log=schemas.log owner=master,owner,user direct=y STATISTICS=none
==> exporting all the objects of multiple schemas.
$ exp file=testdb_emp.dmp log=testdb_emp.log tables=scott.emp direct=y STATISTICS=none
==> exporting all the rows in table (emp table records in scott schema).
$ exp file=itinitem.dmp log=itinitem.log tables=tom.ITIN,tom.ITEM
query=\"where CODE in \(\'OT65FR7H\',\'ATQ56F7H\'\)\"
statistics=none
==> exporting the records of some tables which satisfies a particular criteria.
$ exp transport_tablespace=y tablespaces=THU statistics=none file=THU.dmp log=thu_exp.log
==> exporting at tablespace level.
$ exp FILE=file1.dmp,file2.dmp,file3.dmp FILESIZE=10M LOG=multiple.log
==> exporting to multiple files.
$ exp file=scott.dmp log=scott.log inctype=complete
==> exporting full database (after some incremental/cumulative backups).

$ exp file=scott.dmp log=scott.log inctype=cumulative
==> exporting cumulatively (taking backup from last complete or cumulative backup).

$ exp file=scott.dmp log=scott.log inctype=incremental
==> exporting incrementally (taking backup from last complete or cumulative or incremental backup).
imp utility

imp provides backward compatibility i.e. it will allows you to
import the objects that you have exported in lower Oracle versions also.

imp doesn't recreate already existing objects. It either abort the import process (default) or ignores the errors (if you specify IGNORE=Y).

USERID must be the first parameter on the command line.

$ imp help=y
Keyword
Description (Default)
USERID
username/password
FULL
import entire file (N). To do the full database import, that user must have IMP_FULL_DATABASE role
BUFFER
size of data buffer. OS dependent
FROMUSER
list of owner usernames
FILE
input files (EXPDAT.DMP)
TOUSER
list of usernames
SHOW
just list file contents (N), will be used to check the validity of the dump file
TABLES
list of table names
IGNORE
ignore create errors (N)
RECORDLENGTH
length of IO record
GRANTS
import grants (Y)
INCTYPE
incremental import type. valid keywords are
SYSTEM (for definitions), RESTORE (for data)
INDEXES
import indexes (Y)
COMMIT
commit array insert (N)
ROWS
import data rows (Y)
PARFILE
parameter filename
LOG
log file of screen output
CONSTRAINTS
import constraints (Y)
DESTROY
overwrite tablespace datafile (N)
INDEXFILE
will write DDLs of the objects in the dumpfile into the specified file
SKIP_UNUSABLE_INDEXES
skip maintenance of unusable indexes (N)
FEEDBACK
display progress every x rows(0)
TOID_NOVALIDATE
skip validation of specified type ids
FILESIZE
maximum size of each dump file
STATISTICS
import precomputed statistics (ALWAYS)
RESUMABLE
suspend when a space related error is encountered(N)
RESUMABLE_NAME
text string used to identify resumable statement
RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT
wait time for RESUMABLE
COMPILE
compile procedures, packages, and functions (Y)
STREAMS_CONFIGURATION
import streams general metadata (Y)
STREAMS_INSTANTIATION
import streams instantiation metadata (N)
VOLSIZE
number of bytes in file on each volume of a file on tape (not available from Oracle 11g Release2)
DATA_ONLY
import only data (N) (from Oracle 11g Release2)

The following keywords only apply to transportable tablespaces
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE import transportable tablespace metadata (N)
TABLESPACES tablespaces to be transported into database
DATAFILES datafiles to be transported into database
TTS_OWNERS users that own data in the transportable tablespace set

Examples:$ imp system/manager file=emp.dmp log=emp_imp.log full=y
==> importing all the exported data.

$ imp system/manager file=testdb_emp.dmp log=testdb_emp_imp.log tables=tester.employee
==> importing all the records of table (employee table records in tester schema).
$ imp FILE=two.dmp LOG=two.log IGNORE=Y GRANTS=N INDEXES=N COMMIT=Y TABLES=(brand, book)
==> importing all the records of couple of tables.
$ imp system/manager file=intenary.dmp log=intenary.log FROMUSER=tom TOUSER=jerry ignore=y
==> importing data of one schema into another schema
$ imp "/as sysdba" file=TUE.dmp TTS_OWNERS=OWNER tablespaces=TUE transport_tablespace=y datafiles=TUE.dbf

$ imp file=transporter3.dmp log=transporter3.log inctype=system
==> importing definitions from backup.

$ imp file=transporter3.dmp log=transporter3.log inctype=restore
==> importing data from backup.
$ imp file=spider.dmp log=spider.log show=y
==> checks the validity of the dumpfile.

$ imp file=scott.dmp log=scott.log indexfile=scott_schema.sql
==> will write DDLs of the objects in exported dumpfile (scott schema) into specified file. This command won't import the objects.
How to improve Export & Import

exp:
1. Set the BUFFER parameter to a high value. Default is 256KB.
2. Stop unnecessary applications to free the resources.
3. If you are running multiple sessions, make sure they write to different disks.
4. Do not export to NFS (Network File Share). Exporting to disk is faster.
5. Set the RECORDLENGTH parameter to a high value.
6. Use DIRECT=yes (direct mode export).

imp:
1. Place the file to be imported in separate disk from datafiles.
2. Increase the DB_CACHE_SIZE.
3. Set LOG_BUFFER to big size.
4. Stop redolog archiving, if possible.
5. Use COMMIT=n, if possible.
6. Set the BUFFER parameter to a high value. Default is 256KB.
7. It's advisable to drop indexes before importing to speed up the import process or set INDEXES=N and building indexes later on after the import. Indexes can easily be recreated after the data was successfully imported.
8. Use STATISTICS=NONE
9. Disable the INSERT triggers, as they fire during import.
10. Set Parameter COMMIT_WRITE=NOWAIT(in 10g) or COMMIT_WAIT=NOWAIT (in 11g) during import.
Related Views
DBA_EXP_VERSION
DBA_EXP_FILES
DBA_EXP_OBJECTS

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